Longitude and Latitude

Contemporary mapping-

• Shift from simply a tool that provides location reference to a tool used by geographers to communicate complex geographic phenomenona

Projection-

• Scientific method of transferring locations on Earth's surfaces to a flat map is called projection
• Earth's spherical shape causes distortion when drawing it on a flat piece of paper 

Four types of paper-

1. Shape of an area can be distorted 
2. Distance between points may become increased or decreased 
3. Relative size different areas can be altered
4. Direction between points can be distorted 

Geographic Grid-

• Geographic grids system of imaginary areas drawn in a grid pattern on Earth's surface 
• Meridians are areas drawn between the North and South poles. Each is numbered according to a system known a longitude
• Values range from 0 degrees(prime meridian) to 180 degrees east or west longitude
• Parallels are areas drawn parallel to the equator and at right angles to meridians. Each in numbered according to a system known as latitude 
• Values range from 0 degrees(equator) to 90 degrees north to south 

Telling time-

• Earth as a sphere is divided into 360 degrees of longitude 
• Divide 360 degrees by 24 times zones(one for each hour of day) equals 15 degrees 
• Each 15 degrees band of longitude is assigned to a standard time zone